When To Use Those Vs These

When to Use "Those" vs. "These": A Comprehensive Guide

Choosing between "those" and "these" might seem trivial, but mastering their usage elevates your writing precision and clarity. These seemingly simple demonstrative pronouns hold subtle yet significant distinctions that impact the overall effectiveness of your communication. This comprehensive guide delves deep into the nuances of "those" versus "these," providing clear examples and practical advice to help you confidently select the correct pronoun in any context.

Understanding Demonstrative Pronouns: "These" and "Those"

Demonstrative pronouns point out specific things. "These" and "those" are the plural forms; "this" and "that" are their singular counterparts. The key difference lies in proximity: "these" refers to things closer to the speaker, while "those" indicates things further away. This proximity isn't just physical; it can also be temporal or abstract.

The Core Distinction: Proximity and Distance

The most fundamental rule is proximity. Imagine you're holding two apples. The ones in your hand are "these apples," while two apples across the room are "those apples." This simple example illustrates the primary function of "these" and "those."

Examples:

• These shoes are comfortable, but those over there look stylish. (Physical proximity)
• These are challenging times, but those past struggles have made us stronger. (Temporal proximity)
• These arguments are valid, but those presented by the opposition lack evidence. (Abstract proximity - proximity of ideas)

Beyond Physical Distance: Nuances in Usage

While physical distance forms the bedrock of the "these/those" distinction, several nuances expand their application:

1. Contextual Clues: Determining Proximity

Context plays a crucial role in determining the appropriate pronoun. The perceived distance isn't always literal. The speaker's perspective influences the choice. Consider these examples:

• "I've just finished reading those books; they were amazing." (Even though the books might be physically close, the completed reading action creates a sense of temporal distance.)
• "These upcoming deadlines are stressing me out." (Future deadlines, while not physically present, are viewed as imminent and therefore "close" in a temporal sense.)

2. Plurality: Focusing on Multiple Items

Both "these" and "those" refer to multiple items. Do not use them to replace singular demonstratives ("this" and "that"). Remember to maintain agreement between the pronoun and its referent.

• Incorrect: These is a great idea.
• Correct: This is a great idea.

3. Emphasis and Contrast: Highlighting Differences

Using "these" and "those" can effectively highlight contrasts or emphasize specific points. The careful placement of these pronouns can significantly improve the clarity and impact of your writing.

• "While those methods are outdated, these new techniques offer significantly improved results." (Clearly contrasts old and new methods)
• "These facts prove the theory, unlike those contradictory claims." (Emphasizes the supporting evidence)

4. Abstract Concepts: Beyond Physical Objects

"These" and "those" aren't limited to physical objects; they can refer to abstract concepts, ideas, or even periods of time. The same proximity rule applies, albeit in a more figurative sense.

• "These are the principles I live by." (Close to the speaker's values and beliefs)
• "Those were the dark days of the war." (Distant in time, emotionally removed)

Common Errors to Avoid

Several common mistakes arise when using "these" and "those." Understanding these pitfalls helps you refine your usage.

1. Incorrect Antecedent Agreement

Ensure the pronoun agrees with the noun it refers to. Incorrect antecedent agreement is a frequent error.

• Incorrect: Those ideas are brilliant, but this one is confusing. (Should be: "That idea...")
• Correct: Those ideas are brilliant, but that one is confusing.

2. Ambiguous References

Avoid ambiguous references. Make it absolutely clear what "these" or "those" refer to. Lack of clarity can confuse your readers.

• Vague: Those are terrible. (What are terrible? The meaning is unclear.)
• Clear: Those policies are terrible.

3. Overuse and Repetition

While "these" and "those" are helpful, overuse can make your writing monotonous. Vary your language to maintain reader engagement.

• Monotonous: Those are the reasons. These are the consequences. Those were the results.
• Improved: The reasons were manifold, resulting in several consequences. The overall outcome demonstrates...

Advanced Usage and Stylistic Considerations

Mastering "these" and "those" goes beyond grammatical correctness. Consider these advanced applications and stylistic elements:

1. Formal vs. Informal Writing: Context Matters

Formal writing may prefer more precise alternatives, like "the aforementioned points" or "the previously mentioned examples." Informal contexts allow for a more relaxed usage of "these" and "those."

2. Emphasis through Placement: Strategic Positioning

The placement of "these" and "those" can significantly impact emphasis. Strategic positioning can enhance your writing's impact.

• "These results, obtained through rigorous testing, confirm our hypothesis." (Emphasizes the results)
• "Our hypothesis is confirmed by these results, obtained through rigorous testing." (Emphasizes the rigorous testing)

3. Avoiding Pronoun Clutter: Maintaining Flow

Too many pronouns can create a choppy, disorganized feel. Use nouns and noun phrases to maintain flow and avoid excessive pronoun use.

4. Creating Parallelism: Maintaining Consistency

When listing items, maintain parallelism for consistency.

• Correct: These are the benefits: increased efficiency, improved productivity, and better morale.
• Incorrect: These are the benefits: increased efficiency, you'll have improved productivity, and better morale will be seen.

Conclusion: Mastering "These" vs. "Those" for Clear Communication

Choosing between "these" and "those" might appear inconsequential, but skillful use enhances clarity and precision. Understanding the nuances of proximity – both physical and abstract – is paramount. Avoiding common errors, leveraging advanced usage techniques, and considering stylistic context will make your writing stronger, more impactful, and easier to understand. By mastering the subtle differences between "these" and "those," you elevate your communication and leave a lasting impression on your readers. Remember, the key lies in understanding the speaker's perspective and the implied distance between the subject and the audience. With practice, the choice between "these" and "those" will become second nature, strengthening your writing significantly.